The Member States 25 March 1957, Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union#PART THREE - UNION POLICIES AND INTERNAL ACTIONS#TITLE VII - COMMON RULES ON COMPETITION, TAXATION AND APPROXIMATION OF LAWS#Chapter 1 - Rules on competition#Section 1 - Rules applying to undertakings#Article 103(ex Article 83 TEC)

— any concerted practice or category of concerted practices, which contributes to improving the production or distribution of goods or to promoting technical or economic progress, while allowing consumers a fair share of the resulting benefit, and which does not: (a) impose on the undertakings concerned restrictions which are not indispensable to the attainment of these objectives; (b) afford