The Member States 25 March 1957, Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union#PART ONE - PRINCIPLES#TITLE I - CATEGORIES AND AREAS OF UNION COMPETENCE#Article 4

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Article 4 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) establishes the framework for shared competence between the Union and Member States, enumerating eleven principal areas—including the internal market, environment, energy, transport, and the area of freedom, security and justice—in which both may legislate and adopt legally binding acts. In the areas of research, technological development, space, development cooperation, and humanitarian aid, the Union holds a parallel competence to carry out activities and implement programmes without precluding Member States from exercising their own competence in those fields. The provision operates as a residual rule, applying wherever Union competence is conferred by the Treaties but does not fall within the exclusive competences under Article 3 or the supporting competences under Article 6.AI