The Member States 25 March 1957, Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union#PART ONE - PRINCIPLES#TITLE I - CATEGORIES AND AREAS OF UNION COMPETENCE#Article 4

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Article 4 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) establishes the framework for shared competence between the Union and Member States, applicable where Treaty-conferred competence falls outside the areas of exclusive Union competence (Article 3) or supporting competence (Article 6). Shared competence covers eleven principal areas, including the internal market, environment, transport, energy, and the area of freedom, security and justice, among others. In the specific areas of research, technological development, space, development cooperation, and humanitarian aid, the Union may act without precluding Member States from exercising their own competence concurrently.AI