Court of Justice 16 February 2005, C-354/03, C-355/03 and C-484/03 (Optigen Ltd (C-354/03), Fulcrum Electronics Ltd (C-355/03) and Bond House Systems Ltd (C-484/03) v Commissioners of Customs & Excise.)

Opinion of the Advocate-General Opinion of the Advocate-General 1. In three cases concerning unwitting participants in a type of VAT fraud characterised as ‘carousel fraud’ the High Court of Justice of England and Wales, Chancery Division, asks the Court if transactions constituting part of a fraud scheme set up by others qualify as economic activities within the meaning of Article 4(2) of the