Court of Justice 7 November 2013, Joined Cases C-199/12 to C-201/12: Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 7 November 2013 (request for a preliminary ruling from the Raad van State — Netherlands) — Minister voor Immigratie, Integratie en Asiel v X (C-199/12), Y (C-200/12), Z v Minister voor Immigratie, Integratie en Asiel (C-201/12) (Directive 2004/83/EC — Minimum standards relating to the conditions for granting refugee status or subsidiary protection status — Article 10(1)(d) — Membership of a particular social group — Sexual orientation — Reason for persecution — Article 9(1) — Concept of ‘persecution’ — Well-founded fear of being persecuted on account of membership of a particular social group — Acts sufficiently serious to justify such a fear — Legislation criminalising homosexual acts — Article 4 — Individual assessment of the facts and circumstances)

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