Court of Justice (Third Chamber) 7 November 2013, C‑473/12 (Institut professionnel des agents immobiliers (IPI) v Geoffrey Englebert and Others.)

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The Court's judgment addresses the interpretation of Article 13(1) of Directive 95/46/EC regarding the obligation of Member States to inform data subjects about the processing of their personal data, concluding that Member States have the option, but not the obligation, to implement exceptions to this duty. Additionally, it confirms that the activities of private detectives investigating ethical breaches within regulated professions, such as estate agents, fall under the exception outlined in Article 13(1)(d), provided that the Member State has chosen to implement this exception. The ruling emphasizes the flexibility granted to Member States in determining the necessity of such legislative measures.AI