Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit June 9, 2008, 06-15970, 07-15006 (Fulfillment Services Inc. v. United Parcel Service, Inc.)

McKEOWN, Circuit Judge:

The Interstate Commerce Act (“ICA”) was adopted to bring uniformity to shipping regulations previously governed by inconsistent state laws. George W. Wright,

Slouching Toward a Morass: The Case For Preserving Complete Carmack Pre-emption,

1 DePaul Bus. & Com. L.J. 177 (2003). Historically, the Interstate Commerce Commission had responsibility for enforcing the ICA.