Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit June 22, 2017, No. 15-56424 (Cooper v. Tokyo Electric Power Co.)

*1197OPINION

BYBEE, Circuit Judge:

On March 11, 2011, a 9.0 earthquake and a massive tsunami struck Japan’s northeastern coast. The United States participated in a relief effort known as Operation Tomodachi (Japanese for “friend”). The plaintiffs in this putative class action lawsuit are members of the U.S.