Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit April 26, 2017, 12-15093 (United States v. Alexander Michael Roy)

TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge,

specially concurring:

The Court holds that the presentation of inculpatory testimony to the jury in defense counsel’s absence deprived the accused of the right to the assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment.1 Normally, a defendant appealing his conviction on the ground that he was deprived of a constitutional right would tell us who caused the deprivation.