District Court, W.D. Virginia July 9, 2018, Case No. 3:17–CV–00072 (Sines v. Kessler)

NORMAN K. MOON, SENIOR UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

*773In 1871, Congress passed a law "directed at the organized terrorism in the Reconstruction South[.]" Chapman v. Houston Welfare Rights Org. , 441 U.S. 600, 610 n.25, 99 S.Ct. 1905, 60 L.Ed.2d 508 (1979) ; see 42 U.S.C. § 1985.